Despite the fact that many research articles have been written about stress and stress-
related diseases, no scientifically accepted definition of stress exists. Selye introduced and …

Despite affecting millions of individuals, the etiology of hot flushes remains unknown. Here
we review the physiology of hot flushes, CNS pathways regulating heat-dissipation effectors …

The locus coeruleus (LC), the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, gives rise to fibres
innervating most structures of the neuraxis. Recent advances in neuroscience have helped …

Located in the midline anterior wall of the third cerebral ventricle (ie the lamina terminalis),
the median preoptic nucleus (Mn PO) receives a unique set of afferent neural inputs from …

The zona incerta (ZI), first described over a century ago by Auguste Forel as a “region of
which nothing certain can be said,” forms a collection of cells that derives from the …

Neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) play key roles in physiological responses
to exteroceptive (“emotional”) stress in rats, including tachycardia. Tachycardia evoked from …

The supramammillary area of the hypothalamus, although small in size, can have profound
modulatory effects on the hippocampal formation and related temporal cortex. It can control …

Prethalamic nuclei in the mammalian brain include the zona incerta, the ventral lateral
geniculate nucleus, and the intergeniculate leaflet, which provide long-range inhibition to …

Sympathetic premotor neurons in the rostral medullary raphe (RMR) regulate heat
conservation by tail artery vasoconstriction and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. These …

Environmental thermal stimuli result in specific and coordinated thermoregulatory response
in homeothermic animals. Warm exposure activates numerous brain areas within the cortex …