Mucosal vaccines offer the potential to trigger robust protective immune responses at the
predominant sites of pathogen infection. In principle, the induction of adaptive immunity at …

The intestine is fundamental in controlling human health. Intestinal epithelial and immune
cells are continuously exposed to millions of microbes that greatly impact on intestinal …

Trauma can affect any individual at any location and at any time over a lifespan. The
disruption of macrobarriers and microbarriers induces instant activation of innate immunity …

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant antibody isotype in the mucosal immune
system. Structurally, IgA in the mucosal surface is a polymeric structure, while serum IgA is …

Until recently, the development of new human adjuvants was held back by a poor
understanding of their mechanisms of action. The field was revolutionized by the discovery …

The intestinal tract is the largest digestive organ in the human body. It is colonized by, and
consistently exposed to, a myriad of microorganisms, including bifidobacteria, lactobacillus …

Bile acids are cholesterol-derived surfactants that circulate actively between the liver and
ileum and that are classically recognized for emulsifying dietary lipids to facilitate absorption …

In humans, a complex interaction between the host immune system and commensal
microbiota is required to maintain gut homeostasis. In this symbiotic relationship, the …

Epithelial cells line the entire surface of the gastrointestinal tract and its accessory organs
where they primarily function in transporting digestive enzymes, nutrients, electrolytes, and …

The intestinal microbiota is a complex ecosystem consisting of various microorganisms that
expands human genetic repertoire and therefore affects human health and disease. The …