Highlights•Cellulose microfibrils have hydrophobic and hydrophilic faces.•The different
cellulose faces may facilitate formation of anisotropic lamellae.•Microfibrils move differently …

Background Stomata are adjustable pores on the surface of plant shoots for efficient gas
exchange and water control. The presence of stomata is essential for plant growth and …

Positional information is a central concept in developmental biology. In developing organs,
positional information can be idealized as a local coordinate system that arises from …

Pavement cells form wavy interlocking patterns in the leaf epidermis of many plants. We use
computational mechanics to simulate the morphogenetic process based on microtubule …

The leaf epidermis is a dynamic biomechanical shell that integrates growth across spatial
scales to influence organ morphology. Pavement cells, the fundamental unit of this tissue …

Plant morphogenesis is governed by the mechanics of the cell wall—a stiff and thin
polymeric box that encloses the cells. The cell wall is a highly dynamic composite material …

Mechanical stress influences cell-and tissue-scale processes across all kingdoms. It
remains challenging to delineate how mechanical stress, originating at these different length …

Simple plant cell morphologies, such as cylindrical shoot cells, are determined by the
extensibility pattern of the primary cell wall, which is thought to be largely dominated by …

The leaf epidermal pavement cells with the puzzle-piece shape offer an attractive system for
studying the mechanisms underpinning cell morphogenesis in a plant tissue. The formation …

Monitoring pH is one of the challenges in understanding diverse physiological regulations
as well as ionic balance, especially in highly acidic environments such as the apoplast and …