Having a hypoxic microenvironment is a common and salient feature of most solid tumors.
Hypoxia has a profound effect on the biological behavior and malignant phenotype of …

Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) include tumor cells, immune cells, cytokines, etc.
The interactions between these components, which are divided into anti-tumor and pro …

Hypoxia is prevalent in human tumours and contributes to microenvironments that shape
cancer evolution and adversely affect therapeutic outcomes. Historically, two different …

Cancer immunotherapy based on immune-checkpoint inhibition or adoptive cell therapy has
revolutionized cancer care. Nevertheless, a large proportion of patients do not benefit from …

Hypoxia exists to some degree in most solid tumors due to inadequate oxygen delivery of
the abnormal vasculature which cannot meet the demands of the rapidly proliferating cancer …

Despite the success of anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), anti-PD1 ligand 1
(PDL1) and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) therapies in advanced cancer, a …

T cells play a critical role in cancer control, but a range of potent immunosuppressive
mechanisms can be upregulated in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to abrogate their …

While intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) occupies a key position in the bioenergetic
metabolism of all the cellular compartments that form the tumor microenvironment (TME) …

Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the
malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the …

Intratumoral hypoxia (reduced O 2 availability) is a common finding in human cancer and
leads to increased activity of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which regulate the expression …