Until recently, observations of the giant planets of our Solar System were confined to
sampling relatively shallow regions of their atmospheres, leaving many uncertainties as to …

Jupiter is in the class of planets that we call gas giants, not because they consist of gas but
because they were primarily made from hydrogen-helium gas, which upon gravitational …

Oxygen is the most common element after hydrogen and helium in Jupiter's atmosphere,
and may have been the primary condensable (as water ice) in the protoplanetary disk. Prior …

Jupiter's atmosphere is dominated by multiple jet streams which are strongly tied to its 3D
atmospheric circulation. Lacking a rigid bottom boundary, several models exist for how the …

The atmospheres of the four giant planets of our Solar System share a common and well-
observed characteristic: they each display patterns of planetary banding, with regions of …

The vertical distribution of trace gases in planetary atmospheres can be obtained with
observations of the atmosphere's thermal emission. Inverting radio observations to recover …

Jupiter's atmosphere is one of the most turbulent places in the solar system. Whereas
observations of lightning and thunderstorms point to moist convection as a small-scale …

Radio observations of the atmospheres of the giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune have provided invaluable constraints on atmospheric dynamics, physics/chemistry …

Observations of Jupiter's deep atmosphere by the Juno spacecraft have revealed several
puzzling facts: The concentration of ammonia is variable down to pressures of tens of bars …

Juno microwave radiometer (MWR) observations of Jupiter's midlatitudes reveal a strong
correlation between brightness temperature contrasts and zonal winds, confirming that the …