When stimuli from the environment are perceived to be a threat or potential threat then
animals initiate stress responses, with activation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis …

Like all other vertebrate groups, amphibian responses to the environment are mediated
through the brain (hypothalamic)-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal (HPA/I) axis and the …

It is widely known that the adverse effects of stress must be considered in animal
conservation programmes. However, a full consideration of how and where stress occurs in …

Leptin, the protein product of the obese (ob or Lep) gene, is a hormone synthesized by
adipocytes that signals available energy reserves to the brain, and thereby influences …

Eco-immunology is the field of study that attempts to understand the functions of the immune
system in the context of the host's environment. Amphibians are currently suffering …

The vertebrate hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA; or interrenal) axis plays pivotal roles
in animal development and in physiological and behavioral adaptation to environmental …

Environments experienced by organisms during early development shape the character and
timing of developmental processes, leading to different probabilities of survival in the …

Amphibian tadpoles display extensive anti-predator phenotypic plasticity, reducing
locomotory activity and, with chronic predator exposure, developing relatively smaller trunks …

Abstract Changes in the environment related to inclement weather can threaten survival and
reproductive success both through direct adverse exposure and indirectly by decreasing …

In adult vertebrates, glucocorticoids are thought to trigger transitions between life history
stages within breeding cycles. This review explores possible roles of glucocorticoids as …