Plasma-based accelerators that impart energy gain as high as several GeV to electrons or
positrons within a few centimeters have engendered a new class of diagnostic techniques …

Free-Electron Lasers are a rapidly growing field for advanced science and applications, and
worldwide facilities for intense field generation, characterization and usage are becoming …

In special relativity, four-vectors, such as space–time, energy–momentum and
electromagnetic potential vectors, follow the Lorentz transformation. The transformations of …

The first time-resolved x-ray/optical pump-probe experiments at the SLAC Linac Coherent
Light Source (LCLS) used a combination of feedback methods and post-analysis binning …

We present a new technique for measuring the relative delay between a soft x-ray FEL pulse
and an optical laser that indicates a sub 25 fs RMS measurement error. An ultra-short x-ray …

Laser wakefield acceleration, as an advanced accelerator concept, has attracted great
attentions for its ultrahigh acceleration gradient and the capability to produce high …

The pulse duration of soft x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) radiation is directly measured by
time-resolved observation of doubly charged helium ions at 51.8 eV. A wave front splitting …

Electro-optic (EO) sampling is employed to measure the electric field profiles generated by a
relativistic electron bunch along the propagation and in the radial directions. The …

Recording electric field evolution in single-shot with THz bandwidth is needed in science
including spectroscopy, plasmas, biology, chemistry, Free-Electron Lasers, accelerators …

The advent of few femtosecond x-ray light sources brings promise of x-ray/optical pump-
probe experiments that can measure chemical and structural changes in the 10–100 fs time …