Transdermal vaccination route using biodegradable microneedles is a rapidly progressing
field of research and applications. The fear of painful needles is one of the primary reasons …

Microneedle arrays (MNA) are considered as one of the most promising resources to
achieve systemic effects by transdermal delivery of drugs. They are designed as a minimally …

To combat the HIV epidemic and emerging threats such as SARS-CoV-2, immunization
strategies are needed that elicit protection at mucosal portals of pathogen entry …

The novel betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
2), has spread across the globe at an unprecedented rate since its first emergence in Wuhan …

The success of inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines has enhanced livestock
productivity, promoted food security, and attenuated the morbidity and mortality of several …

The emergence of new pathogenic viral strains is a constant threat to global health, with the
new coronavirus strain COVID-19 as the latest example. COVID-19, caused by the SARS …

Nipah virus (NiV) causes a highly lethal disease in humans who present with acute
respiratory or neurological signs. No vaccines against NiV have been approved to date …

The mRNA vaccine platform has offered the greatest potential in fighting the COVID-19
pandemic owing to rapid development, effectiveness, and scalability to meet the global …

Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has
caused a deadly pandemic in the 21st century, resulting in many deaths, economic loss, and …

Vaccines are the most effective tool to control infectious diseases, which provoke significant
morbidity and mortality rates. Most vaccines are administered through the parenteral route …