Artificial spin ices consist of nanomagnets arranged on the sites of various periodic and
aperiodic lattices. They have enabled the experimental investigation of a variety of …

Frustration, the presence of competing interactions, is ubiquitous in the physical sciences
and is a source of degeneracy and disorder, which in turn gives rise to new and interesting …

Artificial spin ice is a class of lithographically created arrays of interacting ferromagnetic
nanometre-scale islands. It was introduced to investigate many-body phenomena related to …

Lithographic processing and film growth technologies are continuing to advance, so that it is
now possible to create patterned ferroic materials consisting of arrays of sub-1 μm elements …

Artificial spin ice comprises a class of frustrated arrays of interacting single-domain
ferromagnetic nanostructures. Previous studies of artificial spin ice have focused on simple …

Reducing the dimensionality of a physical system can have a profound effect on its
properties, as in the ordering of low-dimensional magnetic materials, phonon dispersion in …

Ever since its introduction by Ludwig Boltzmann, the ergodic hypothesis became a
cornerstone analytical concept of equilibrium thermodynamics and complex dynamic …

Geometrical frustration arises when a local order cannot propagate throughout the space
because of geometrical constraints. This phenomenon plays a major role in many systems …

The modification of geometry and interactions in two-dimensional magnetic nanosystems
has enabled a range of studies addressing the magnetic order,,,,–, collective low-energy …

In 1935, Pauling estimated the residual entropy of water ice with remarkable accuracy by
considering the degeneracy of the ice rule solely at the vertex level. Indeed, his estimate …