Mineral bone disease (MBD) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD)
characterized by disruption of normal mineral homeostasis within the body. One or more of …

In addition to its structural role, the skeleton serves as an endocrine organ that controls
mineral metabolism and energy homeostasis. Three major cell types in bone-osteoblasts …

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is produced by bone cells and regulates renal
phosphate and vitamin D metabolism, as well as causing left ventricular hypertrophy. FGF23 …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can be defined as a sustained damage of the renal
parenchyma leading to chronic deterioration of renal function that may gradually progress to …

In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), adverse outcomes such as systemic
inflammation and anemia are contributing pathologies which increase the risks for …

Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) comprises alterations in
calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH), Vitamin D, and fibroblast growth factor-23 …

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an increased fracture risk because of
impaired bone quality and quantity. Low bone mineral density predicts fracture risk in all …

Abnormal bone metabolism is an integral part of the chronic kidney disease-mineral bone
disorder (CKD-MBD). For several reasons, the difficult bone compartment was neglected for …

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has an important role in the maintenance of serum calcium
levels. It activates renal 1α-hydroxylase and increases the synthesis of the active form of …

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHP) is a frequent complication of kidney diseases. At
variance with all the other forms of SHP, which are compensatory conditions, renal SHP has …