Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed
animals with a significant socioeconomic impact. One of the issues related to this disease is …

Currently, the issue relating to the discussion raised in this article appears to be for what
purposes the hepatitis C virus (HCV) modulates cellular processes, such as antiviral …

Stress granules (SGs) constitute a signaling hub that plays a critical role in type I interferon
responses. Here, we report that growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible beta (Gadd45β) …

Type I interferon (IFN)-mediated responses operate a pivotal role in the first line of host
immune defense against viruses. Upon DNA virus infection, DNA sensing cyclic GMP-AMP …

Background Vector-borne flaviviruses, including tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Zika
virus (ZIKV), West Nile virus (WNV), yellow fever virus (YFV), dengue virus (DENV), and …

Bioinformatic analyses have predicted that orbiviruses encode an additional, small non-
structural protein (NS5) from a secondary open reading frame on genome segment 10 …

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus
containing at least 13 proteins. Many of these proteins show immune modulation …

The signaling adaptor MAVS is a vital adaptor protein in retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like
receptors (RLRs) signaling; thus, its expression and responses must be tightly regulated to …

Mammalian reovirus (MRV) is a non-enveloped, gene segmented double-stranded RNA
(dsRNA) virus. It is an important zoonotic pathogen that infects many mammals and …