Skeletal elements have a diverse range of shapes and sizes specialized to their various
roles including protecting internal organs, locomotion, feeding, hearing, and vocalization …

From its first appearance in early vertebrates, the spine evolved the function of protecting the
spinal cord, avoiding excessive straining during body motion. Its stiffness and strength …

Evolutionary responses to selection for bipedalism and childbirth have shaped the human
pelvis, a structure that differs substantially from that in apes. Morphology related to these …

Developmental transcription factors act in networks, but how these networks achieve cell-
and tissue specificity is still poorly understood. Here, we explored pre-B cell leukemia …

Pbx genes encode transcription factors that belong to the TALE (three-amino-acid loop
extension) superclass of homeodomain proteins. We have witnessed a surge in information …

Members of the alx gene family encode transcription factors that contain a highly conserved
Paired-class, DNA-binding homeodomain, and a C-terminal OAR/Aristaless domain …

The obstetrical dilemma describes the competing demands that a bipedally adapted pelvis
and a large‐brained neonate place on human childbirth and is the predominant model …

Scapula shape is highly variable across humans and appears to be sexually dimorphic—
differing significantly between biological males and females. However, previous …

Phenotypic variation within the skeleton has biological, behavioral, and biomedical
functional implications for individuals and species. Thus, it is critical to understand how …

Abstract Since Washburn's New Physical Anthropology, researchers have sought to
understand the complexities of morphological evolution among anatomical regions in …