In the present review, the phenomenon of ultrasonic vocalization in rats will be outlined,
including the three classes of vocalizations, namely 40-kHz calls of pups, and 22-and 50 …

Social isolation (SI) rearing, a model of early life stress, results in profound behavioral
alterations, including increased anxiety‐like behavior, impaired sensorimotor gating and …

Intra-cerebral (ic) microinfusion of selective receptor agonists and antagonists into behaving
animals can provide both neuroanatomical and neurochemical insights into the neural …

Ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) serve important communicative functions as socio-affective
signals in rats. In aversive situations, such as inter-male aggression and predator exposure …

The periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) is an essential structure involved in the elaboration of
defensive responses, such as when facing predators and conspecific aggressors. Using a …

Variation in the mutual responsiveness of social partners to each other can be reflected in
behavioral suites that covary with neural activity in ways that track the salience or valence of …

Introduction: Ultrasonic vocalization (USV) can indicate affective states—including
psychosocial stress—in mice and rats. However, stress-induced USV changes could be …

Panic disorder (PD) patients are exquisitely and specifically sensitive to inhalations of 5–7%
carbon dioxide and infusions of 0.5 M sodium lactate. Another startling feature of clinical …

Substance P (SP) is known to be involved in processes related to learning and memory,
fear, anxiety and stress. SP and NK1 receptors are localized in the hippocampus, a brain …

Brain substance P and its receptor (neurokinin-1, NK1) have a widespread brain distribution
and are involved in an important number of behavioural and physiological responses to …