Renal tubules are the major component of the kidney and are vulnerable to a variety of
injuries including hypoxia, proteinuria, toxins, metabolic disorders, and senescence. It has …

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common chronic kidney disease. Accumulation of
glucose and metabolites activates resident macrophages in kidneys. Resident macrophages …

Kidney tubular epithelial cells (TECs) have a crucial role in the damage and repair response
to acute and chronic injury. To adequately respond to constant changes in the environment …

Diabetes mellitus is known to trigger retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy. Diabetic
nephropathy, a long-term major microvascular complication of uncontrolled hyperglycemia …

Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is believed to be a major microvascular complication of
diabetes. The hallmark of DN includes deposition of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) proteins …

The increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and life expectancy of diabetic
patients fosters the worldwide prevalence of retinopathy and nephropathy, two major …

Background Renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) is one of the main features of diabetic
nephropathy (DN), but the molecular mechanisms mediating RIF in DN has yet been fully …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptors (NLRs)
are families of pattern recognition receptors that, together with inflammasomes, sense and …

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) represents a growing public health burden and is the leading
cause of end-stage kidney diseases. In recent years, host-gut microbiota interactions have …

Toll like receptor (TLR) 4 has been reported to promote inflammation in diabetic
nephropathy. However the role of TLR4 in the complicated pathophysiology of diabetic …