Most organisms, including ourselves, are exposed to environmental stressors at various
points during life, and responses to such stressors have been optimised by evolution to give …

Responding appropriately to changing conditions is crucial in dynamic environments.
Individual variation in the flexibility of physiological mediators of phenotype may influence …

Fluctuations in abiotic and biotic conditions exist in almost all habitats (Dunlap, Loros, &
DeCoursey, 2004; Stevenson et al., 2015). Some fluctuations like the alternation between …

Exposure to stressors early in life is associated with faster ageing and reduced longevity.
One important mechanism that could underlie these late life effects is increased telomere …

Sex is ubiquitous and variable throughout the animal kingdom. Historically, scientists have
used reductionist methodologies that rely on a priori sex categorizations, in which two …

A growing body of evidence from across taxa suggests that exposure to elevated levels of
glucocorticoids during early development can have long-term effects upon physiological and …

The quantity and quality of social relationships, as captured by social network analysis, can
have major fitness consequences. Various studies have shown that individual differences in …

We discuss the long-term effects of stress exposure in pre-and early postnal life. We present
an evolutionary framework within which such effects can be viewed, and describe how the …

Stress during early life can cause disease and cognitive impairment in humans and non-
humans alike [1]. However, stress and other environmental factors can also program …

The developmental stress hypothesis proposes that the honesty of bird song as a signal may
be maintained by costs incurred during development. That is, song complexity or other …