Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases comprise a family of ubiquitous proline-directed,
protein-serine/threonine kinases, which participate in signal transduction pathways that …

The molecular details of mammalian stress-activated signal transduction pathways have
only begun to be dissected. This, despite the fact that the impact of these pathways on the …

CERAMIDE is an important regulatory participant of programmed cell death (apoptosis)
induced by tumour-necrosis factor (TNF)-α and Fas ligand, members of the TNF …

TRANSDUCTION of a mitogenic signal from the cell membrane to the nucleus involves the
adapter proteins SHC and Grb2, which mediate activation of the Ras/mitogen-activated …

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The c-fos serum response element (SRE) forms a ternary complex with the transcription
factors SRF (serum response factor) and TCF (ternary complex factor). By itself, SRF can …

G proteins provide signal-coupling mechanisms to heptahelical cell surface receptors and
are critically involved in the regulation of different mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) …

Summary c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNKs) and mitogen-activatedprotein kinases
(MAPKs) are closely related; however, they are independently regulated by a variety of …

Integrin receptors play important roles in organizing the actin-containing cytoskeleton and in
signal transduction from the extracellular matrix. The initial steps in integrin function can be …

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases that
play an essential role in signal transduction by modulating gene transcription in the nucleus …