Objectives To discuss the necessity of nasal endoscopic surgery for pediatric traumatic optic
neuropathy and its therapeutic effect. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the cases of 41 …

BACKGROUND: As a thin filmy covering overlaying the inferior orbital fissure (IOF), Muller's
muscle was considered a vestigial structure in humans, and for this reason, its anatomical …

OBJECTIVE Endoscopic transmaxillary approaches (ETMAs) address pathology of the
anterolateral skull base, including the cavernous sinus, pterygopalatine fossa, and …

Considering many approaches to the skull base confront the inferior orbital fissure (IOF) or
sphenomaxillary fissure, the authors examine this anatomy as an important endoscopic …

OBJECTIVE: To define the microsurgical anatomy of the central retinal artery (CRA) and to
provide a guide to avoiding damage to it during surgery. METHODS: The anatomic …

In the past years, endoscopic techniques have raised an increasing interest to perform
minimally invasive accesses to the orbit, resulting in excellent clinical outcomes with inferior …

Background The pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) and inferomedial orbital apex are difficult
regions for open neurosurgical access. The traditional extensive anterior approach …

The microanatomy of the superior orbital fissure (SOF) was studied in 96 sides of cadaver
specimens. The SOF is a narrow bony cleft that lies at the apex of the orbit between the …

Objective In this surgical-anatomical cadaveric study we investigate the feasibility of the
transmaxillary endoscopic approach to the intraorbital space. Anatomical landmarks are …

Introduction: The role of the endoscopic management of lesions located in the anterior
cranial fossa and skull base continues to expand. Materials and Methods: An endoscopic …