Influenza A virions possess two surface glycoproteins—the hemagglutinin (HA) and
neuraminidase (NA)—which exert opposite functions. HA attaches virions to cells by binding …

The conserved protective epitopes of hemagglutinin (HA) are essential to the design of a
universal influenza vaccine and new targeted therapeutic agents. Over the last 15 years …

Abstract Background Influenza viruses (IVs) have become increasingly resistant to antiviral
drugs that target neuraminidase and matrix protein 2 due to gene mutations that alter their …

Since 2015, a novel orthomyxo-like virus, tilapia lake virus (TiLV) has been associated with
outbreaks of disease and massive mortality of cultured Nile and red tilapia (Oreochromis …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) transfer bioactive molecules between cells in a process
reminiscent of enveloped viruses. EV cargo delivery is thought to occur by protein-mediated …

Lipid rafts, solid regions of the plasma membrane enriched in cholesterol and
glycosphingolipids, are essential parts of a cell. Functionally, lipid rafts present a platform …

The subunits of the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) trimer are synthesized as single-chain
precursors (HA0s) that are proteolytically cleaved into the disulfide-linked polypeptides HA1 …

Hemagglutinins (HAs) are the receptor-binding and membrane fusion glycoproteins of
influenza viruses. They recognize sialic acid–containing, cell-surface glycoconjugates as …

Bovine lactoferrin (bLf) is an iron-binding glycoprotein folded in two symmetric globular
lobes (N-and C-lobes) with potent antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. Recently …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural micro-/nanoparticles that play an important role in
intercellular communication. They are secreted by producer/donor cells and subsequent …