Influenza A virus (IAV) is the sole cause of the unpredictable influenza pandemics and
deadly zoonotic outbreaks and constitutes at least half of the cause of regular annual …

Segmented RNA viruses are widespread in nature and include important human, animal
and plant pathogens, such as influenza viruses and rotaviruses. Although the origin of RNA …

The His274→ Tyr274 (H274Y) mutation confers oseltamivir resistance on N1 influenza
neuraminidase but had long been thought to compromise viral fitness. However, beginning …

Antigenic and genetic analysis of the hemagglutinin of∼ 13,000 human influenza A (H3N2)
viruses from six continents during 2002–2007 revealed that there was continuous circulation …

RNA viruses provide unique insights into the patterns and processes of evolutionary change
in real time. The study of viral evolution is especially topical given the growing awareness …

The M2 protein from influenza A virus is a pH-activated proton channel that mediates
acidification of the interior of viral particles entrapped in endosomes. M2 is the target of the …

The influenza A virus M2 proton channel (A/M2) is the target of the antiviral drugs
amantadine and rimantadine, whose use has been discontinued due to widespread drug …

Highlights•Changes in the circulation of antiviral-resistant influenza viruses have
occurred.•All human influenza viruses are currently resistant to the adamantanes.•Little …

Reassortment is fundamental to the evolution of influenza viruses and plays a key role in the
generation of epidemiologically significant strains. Previous studies indicate that …

Reassortment is the process by which influenza viruses swap gene segments. This genetic
exchange is possible due to the segmented nature of the viral genome and occurs when two …