We review advances in the study of retrospective voting, or how citizens evaluate and act on
their perceptions of government performance. As a whole, the recent literature provides a …

Competitive elections create a relationship of formal accountability between policy makers
and citizens. Recent theoretical work suggests that there are limits on how well this formal …

What is the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the 2020 US presidential election? Guided
by a pre-analysis plan, we estimate the effect of COVID-19 cases and deaths on the change …

High level of carbon emissions is still a policy agenda because of its detrimental effect on
environment. CO 2 emissions are growing quickly in emerging countries with the high …

" Little else is required to carry a state to the highest degree of opulence from the lowest
barbarism, but peace, easy taxes, and a tolerable administration of justice; all the rest being …

Explaining cross-country differences in growth rates requires not only an understanding of
the link between growth and public policies, but also an understanding of why countries …

What determines the size and form of redistributive programs, the extent and type of public
goods provision, the burden of taxation across alternative tax bases, the size of government …

We show that political institutions affect corruption levels. We use audit reports in Brazil to
construct new measures of political corruption in local governments and test whether …

This paper uses publicly released audit reports to study the effects of disclosing information
about corruption practices on electoral accountability. In 2003, as part of an anticorruption …

Corruption is a persistent feature of human societies over time and space. The sale of
parliamentary seats in 'rotten boroughs' in England before the Reform Act of 1832 and …