The growing number of artificial structures in estuarine, coastal and marine environments is
causing “ocean sprawl”. Artificial structures do not only modify marine and coastal …

Reefs and beds formed by oysters such as the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica and the
Olympia oyster, Ostrea lurida Carpenter 1864 were dominant features in many estuaries …

The protist phylum Haplosporidia comprises over 40 described species with representatives
infecting a range of mollusc hosts, including several ecologically and economically …

Vessel biofouling is a major pathway for the introduction, establishment, and subsequent
spread of marine non-indigenous macro-organisms. As a result, national and international …

With expanding trade resulting in increased global transport of non-native species, a
broader understanding of the mechanisms of marine invasions is becoming increasingly …

Along the Atlantic coast of the continental United States, shellfish habitats occur in estuaries,
near-shore coastal waters, and offshore on the continental shelf (Shumway and Kraeuter …

Organisms of the genus Bonamia are intracellular protistan parasites of oysters. To date, 4
species have been described (B. ostreae, B. exitiosa, B. perspora and B. roughleyi) …

Production of European flat oysters Ostrea edulis in the Netherlands has been hampered by
the presence of the haplosporidian parasite Bonamia ostreae, which is now an enzootic …

Previous reports of the haplosporidian parasite Bonamia ostreae have been restricted to the
Northern Hemisphere, including Europe, and both eastern and western North America. This …

Molluscs are economically and ecologically important components of aquatic ecosystems. In
addition to supporting valuable aquaculture and wild-harvest industries, their populations …