Gallstones grow inside the gallbladder or biliary tract. These stones can be asymptomatic or
symptomatic; only gallstones with symptoms or complications are defined as gallstone …

Observational epidemiological studies are prone to confounding, reverse causation and
various biases and have generated findings that have proved to be unreliable indicators of …

Abstract Background and Aims The risk factors of cholelithiasis have not been clearly
identified, especially for total cholesterol. Here, we try to identify these causal risk factors …

Background and Aims Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key players in multicellular,
stromal‐dependent alterations leading to HCC pathogenesis. However, the intricate …

Gallstones or cholelithiasis are a major public health problem in Europe and other
developed countries and affect up to 20% of the population. Gallstone disease is the most …

Background: Mendelian randomization (MR) studies investigate the effect of genetic
variation in levels of an exposure on an outcome, thereby using genetic variation as an …

Background Obesity is a worldwide epidemic that has been associated with a plurality of
diseases in observational studies. The aim of this study was to summarize the evidence from …

Background & Aims Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and lifestyle factors (cigarette smoking, alcohol
drinking, and coffee consumption) have been associated with the risk of developing …

Gallstone disease is one of the most common public health problems in the United States.
Approximately 10%–20% of the national adult populations currently carry gallstones, and …

Background Traditional anthropometric measures, including body mass index (BMI), are
insufficient for evaluating gallstone risk. This study investigated the association between …