The discovery that an individual may be constrained, and even behave sub‐optimally,
because of its personality type has fundamental implications for understanding individual‐to …

The study of phenotypic evolution should be an integrative endeavor that combines different
approaches and crosses disciplinary and phylogenetic boundaries to consider complex …

Judgment bias tasks (JBTs) are considered as a family of promising tools in the assessment
of emotional states of animals. JBTs provide a cognitive measure of optimism and/or …

Human and nonhuman animals show personality: temporal and contextual consistency in
behavior patterns that vary among individuals. In contrast to most other species, personality …

Understanding the ways in which individuals cope with threats, respond to challenges, make
use of opportunities and mediate the harmful effects of their surroundings is important for …

Recent research on free-range chickens shows that individual behavioral differences may
link to range use. However, most of these studies explored individual behavioral differences …

Animals of many species show consistency in behaviour across time and contexts that
differs from other individuals' behaviour in the same population. Such 'personality'affects …

Increasing evidence suggests that personality structure differs between species, but the
evolutionary reasons for this variation are not fully understood. We built on earlier research …

In recent years, research on animal personality has exploded within the field of behavioral
ecology. Consistent individual differences in behavior exist in a wide range of species, and …

Animal personalities, ie consistent differences in behavior across time and/or context, have
received increased attention of behavioral biologists over the last years. Recent research …