Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) occurs when opioids paradoxically enhance the pain
they are prescribed to ameliorate. To address a lack of perioperative awareness, we present …

The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) is a bulbospinal nuclei in the descending pain
modulation system, and directly affects spinal nociceptive transmission through …

Background: The aim of this randomized double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial was to
investigate the effects of different doses of esketamine combined with sufentanil for …

Opioids are powerful analgesic drugs that are used clinically to treat pain. However, chronic
opioid use causes compensatory neuroadaptations that result in greater pain sensitivity …

Background Opioid consumption for analgesia in burn patients is enormous. Non-opioid
analgesics for burn pain management may result in opioid sparing, reducing opioid-related …

A large amount of clinical evidence has revealed that ketamine can relieve fentanyl-induced
hyperalgesia. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. In the current study, a …

Opioids are potent analgesics broadly used for pain management; however, they can
produce dangerous side effects including addiction and respiratory depression. These …

Objective: Etomidate is often combined in rapid succession during induction of anesthesia.
However, the effect of pretreatment with oxycodone on recovery of cognitive function and …

Clinical therapies for chronic pain are limited. While targeted drugs are promising therapies
for chronic pain, they exhibit insufficient efficacy and poor targeting. The occurrence of …

Through the years, many synthetic or partially synthetic opioid agonists have also been
developed that are being employed in medicinal therapeutics. Mu, kappa and delta which …