In flowering plants, pollen tubes undergo tip growth to deliver two nonmotile sperm to the
ovule where they fuse with an egg and central cell to achieve double fertilization. This …

Compared with the animal kingdom, fertilization is particularly complex in flowering plants
(angiosperms). Sperm cells of angiosperms have lost their motility and require transportation …

With the emergence of high‐throughput methods in plant biology, the importance of long‐
term projects characterized by incremental advances involving multiple laboratories can …

The gametophyte represents the sexual phase in the alternation of generations in plants; the
other, nonsexual phase is the sporophyte. Here, we review the evolutionary origins of the …

Sexual reproduction is almost universal in eukaryotic life and involves the fusion of male and
female haploid gametes into a diploid cell. The sperm-restricted single-pass transmembrane …

Upon gamete fusion, animal egg cells secrete proteases from cortical granules to establish a
fertilization envelope as a block to polyspermy,,–. Fertilization in flowering plants is more …

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two gametes of opposite sex. Although the sperm-
expressed fusogen HAPLESS 2 (HAP2) or GENERATIVE CELL SPECIFIC 1 (GCS1) plays a …

Cell polarity refers to the asymmetric distribution of cellular components, structure, and
function within a cell. Most instances of cell polarity in plants involve single cells or groups of …

Successful double fertilization in flowering plants relies on two coordinated gamete fusion
events, but the underlying molecular processes are not well understood. We show that two …

Ca2+ waves and oscillation are key signalling elements during the fertilization process of
animals, and are involved, for example, in egg activation. In the unique double fertilization …