The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-
stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) …

The discovery of FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells as a distinct cell lineage with a central
role in regulating immune responses provided a deeper understanding of self-tolerance …

Resting memory B cells can be divided into classical or atypical groups, but the
heterogenous marker expression on activated memory B cells makes similar classification …

Objective To investigate immune dysregulation in the peripheral blood that contributes to the
pre‐rheumatoid arthritis (RA) stage of RA development in anticitrullinated protein antibody …

CD4+ T cells are key mediators of various autoimmune diseases; however, their role in
disease progression remains unclear due to cellular heterogeneity. Here, we evaluated …

Peripheral helper T cells (Tph) are a specialized subset of CD4+ T cells with the ability to
help B cells and induce antibody production. Although usually located in ectopic lymphoid …

Peripheral helper T (Tph) cells have been established, through intensive efforts to elucidate
local immune responses in human rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as a CD4 subset intimately …

Highlights•Tfh cells are phenotypically diverse.•Complex signaling and metabolic networks
control Tfh cell differentiation.•The context in which Tfh are generated affects their …

A new population of peripheral helper T (Tph) cells has been identified and contributed to
various autoimmune diseases. Tph cells can secrete interleukin-21 (IL-21), interferon (IFN) …

Follicular helper T (TFH) cells are essential for inducing germinal center (GC) reactions to
mediate humoral adaptive immunity in tumors; however, the mechanisms underlying TFH …