The multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), initially discovered from bone
marrow in 1976, have been identified in nearly all tissues of human body now. The …

Abstract STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) agonists have emerged as promising agents
in the field of cancer immunotherapy, owing to their excellent capacity to activate the innate …

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells involved in numerous
physiological events, including organogenesis, the maintenance of tissue homeostasis …

Toll-like receptors 7 (TLR7) and 8 (TLR8) each sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), but
their activation results in different immune activation profiles. Attempts to selectively target …

Abstract Interferons (IFNs) activate JAK‐STAT pathways to induce downstream effector
genes for host defense against invaded pathogens and tumors. Here both type I (β) and II (γ) …

Natural killer (NK) cells have an intrinsic ability to detect and eliminate leukaemic cells.
Cellular therapies using cytokine-activated NK cells have emerged as promising treatments …

Dendritic cells (DC) play critical roles in linking innate and adaptive immunity. DC are
heterogenous and there are subsets with various distinct functions. One DC subset …

Type I interferons (IFNs-α/β) are antiviral cytokines that constitute the innate immunity of
hosts to fight against viral infections. Recent studies, however, have revealed the pleiotropic …

The targeting and conversion of the immunosuppressive (M2) tumor-associated
macrophages (TAMs) to an immunostimulatory (M1) phenotype can induce tumor regression …

Conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1s) are superior in antigen cross-presentation and
priming CD8+ T cell anti-tumor immunity and thus, are a target of high interest for cancer …