Protein pharmaceuticals have become a significant class of marketed drug products and are
expected to grow steadily over the next decade. Development of a commercial protein …

Interferon beta (IFNβ) is a cytokine that is naturally produced by the immune system in
response to biological and chemical stimuli. It signals by binding to the heterodimeric type I …

Insulin and its homologous are the most utilized protein drugs due to their role in diabetic
patients' treatment. Insulin forms amyloid-like fibrils in vivo at the injection site. Therefore, the …

The intriguing process of protein folding comprises discrete steps that stabilize the protein
molecules in different conformations. The metastable state of protein is represented by …

Autophagy plays a central role in degrading misfolded proteins such as mutated superoxide
dismutase 1 (SOD1), which forms aggregates in motor neurons and is involved in the …

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are being currently explored for their role in wide
range of essential cellular processes especially signalling, cell cycle, transcription …

Collagen self-assembly into fibrous structures is a phenomenon that attracts wide attention
in the biomedical and tissue engineering material fields. However, collagen's shortcoming of …

Liquid protein formulations are prone to form aggregates. The effect of nonionic surfactants
such as Polysorbate 20 (PS 20) and n-Dodecyl β-D-maltoside (DDM) on the prevention of …

Aggregation often occurs during manufacturing and storage of protein drugs. Detergents
such as sodium dodecyl sulfate are commonly used to prevent aggregation but need to be …

Estimation of protein stability is important for many reasons: first providing an understanding
of the basic thermodynamics of the process of folding, protein engineering, and protein …