Highlights•Gut innervation occurs through the central and stomatogastric nervous
systems.•Gut function depends on complex interplay of neuropeptides with similar …

Neuropeptides have gained broad attraction in insect neuroscience and physiology, as new
genetic tools are increasingly uncovering their wide-ranging pleiotropic functions with high …

The synganglion is the central nervous system of ticks and, as such, controls tick physiology.
It does so through the production and release of signaling molecules, many of which are …

G protein-coupled receptors play important roles in mediating signal transformation and
physiological processes. As a new type of insecticide target, GPCRs have attracted much …

Numerous physiological processes in insects are tightly regulated by neuropeptides and
their receptors. Although they form an ancient signaling system, there is still a great deal of …

Parasitic fungi produce proteins that modulate virulence, alter host physiology, and trigger
host responses. These proteins, classified as a type of “effector,” often act via protein–protein …

Ion transport peptide (ITP) and a longer ITP-like (ITPL) are alternatively spliced insect
neuropeptides involved in the regulation of development and water homeostasis. Using in …

Neuropeptides are the most abundant and diverse signal molecules in insects. They act as
neurohormones and neuromodulators to regulate the physiology and behavior of insects …

Insect ecdysis triggering hormones (ETHs) released from endocrine Inka cells act on specific
neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) to activate the ecdysis sequence. These …

Abstract In Europe, the tick Ixodes ricinus is the most important vector of numerous
pathogens that are transmitted during blood feeding on their vertebrate hosts. To elucidate …