Resistance to therapy is the major hurdle in the current cancer management. Cancer cells
often rewire their cellular process to alternate mechanisms to resist the deleterious effect …

Simple Summary Patients with advanced melanoma are often treated with v-raf murine
sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) inhibitors. Although these agents prolong life …

Despite advanced clinical and translational oncology research, mortality rates are still
increasing worldwide. Recently, a class of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs …

There have been significant advances in cancer treatment over the past several years
through the use of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, molecularly targeted therapy, and …

The hedgehog pathway, for which sonic hedgehog (Shh) is the most prominent ligand, is
highly conserved and is tightly associated with embryonic development in a number of …

Melanoma onset and progression are associated with a high variety of activating mutations
in the MAPK-pathway, most frequently involving BRAF (35–45%) and NRAS (15–25%) …

BRAFV600E is the most common oncogenic lesion in melanoma and results in constitutive
activation of the MAPK pathway and uncontrolled cell growth. Selective BRAF inhibitors …

The combination of BRAF and MEK inhibitors (BRAFi/MEKi) has shown promising response
rates in treating BRAF-mutant melanoma by inhibiting ERK activation. However, treatment …

BRAF mutation can be identified in about 45% of the patients with metastatic melanoma. In
these patients, BRAF and MEK inhibitors are able to induce rapid responses and to prolong …

The Hedgehog pathway is essential for embryonic development but also for tissue and
organ homeostasis in adult organisms. Activation of this pathway leads to the expression of …