The nucleus accumbens (NAc), a central component of the brain's reward circuitry, has been
implicated in a wide range of behaviors and emotional states. Emerging evidence, primarily …

Our understanding of human brain function can be greatly aided by studying analogous
brain structures in other organisms. One brain structure with neurochemical and anatomical …

Abstract The “dorsal pons”, or “dorsal pontine tegmentum”(dPnTg), is part of the brainstem. It
is a complex, densely packed region whose nuclei are involved in regulating many vital …

Synchronous neuronal activity is a hallmark of the developing brain. In the mouse cerebral
cortex, activity decorrelates during the second week of postnatal development, progressively …

Increasing the therapeutic potential and reducing the side effects of US Food and Drug
Administration–approved glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists used to treat …

Norepinephrine (NE) is a well-known appetite regulator, and the nor/adrenergic system is
targeted by several anti-obesity drugs. To better understand the circuitry underlying …

CO 2 exposure has been used to investigate the panicogenic response in patients with
panic disorder. These patients are more sensitive to CO 2, and more likely to experience the …

Brain orexin (hypocretin) neurons are implicated in sleep–wake switching and reward-
seeking but their roles in rapid arousal dynamics and reward perception are unclear. Here …

As the primary source of norepinephrine (NE) in the brain, the locus coeruleus (LC)
regulates both arousal and stress responses1, 2. However, how local neuromodulatory …

Engineered neurobiological tools for the manipulation of cellular activity, such as
chemogenetics and optogenetics, have become a cornerstone of modern neuroscience …