Understanding how neural systems integrate, encode, and compute information is central to
understanding brain function. Frequently, data from neuroscience experiments are …

The estimated values of choices, and therefore decision-making based on those values, are
influenced by both the chance that the chosen items or goods can be obtained (availability) …

The basal ganglia play key roles in adaptive behaviors guided by reward and punishment.
However, despite accumulating knowledge, few studies have tested how heterogeneous …

How are actions linked with subsequent outcomes to guide choices? The nucleus
accumbens, which is implicated in this process, receives glutamatergic inputs from the …

Whether maximizing rewards and minimizing punishments rely on distinct brain systems
remains debated, given inconsistent results coming from human neuroimaging and animal …

Adaptation of learning and decision-making might depend on the regulation of activity in the
prefrontal cortex. Here we examined how volatility of reward probabilities influences …

To adjust expectations efficiently, prediction errors need to be associated with the precise
features that gave rise to the unexpected outcome, but this credit assignment may be …

New device concepts and new computing principles are needed to balance our ever‐
growing appetite for data and information with the realization of the goals of increased …

This review addresses functional interactions between the primate prefrontal cortex (PFC)
and the amygdala, with emphasis on their contributions to behavior and cognition. The …

Many psychotherapies aim to help people replace maladaptive mental behaviors (such as
those leading to unproductive worry) with more adaptive ones (such as those leading to …