Background Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is a major threat to human health worldwide.
It is well established that smoking increases the risk of respiratory diseases, cardiovascular …

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK, termed here p38) cascade is a central
signaling pathway that transmits stress and other signals to various intracellular targets in …

c‐Src was the first protein kinase to be described as capable of phosphorylating tyrosine
residues. Subsequent identification of other tyrosine‐phosphorylating protein kinases with a …

The concept of diabetic retinopathy (DR) has been extended from microvascular disease to
neurovascular disease in which microglia activation plays a remarkable role. Fractalkine …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a scourge for patients, caregivers and healthcare professionals
due to the progressive character of the disease and the lack of effective treatments. AD is …

The chemokine fractalkine (FKN, CX3CL1), a member of the CX3C subfamily, contributes to
neuron–glia interaction and the regulation of microglial cell activation. Fractalkine is …

Neuroinflammation is involved in the progression or secondary injury of multiple brain
conditions, including stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Alarmins, also known as …

Oxytocin (OXT) modulates social interactions, attenuates stressful responses and can
decrease drug-seeking and taking behaviors. In previous studies, we observed that social …

Microglial activation and subsequent inflammatory responses are critical processes in
aggravating secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Pterostilbene (3', 5' …

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common lung cancer with a highest
mortality rate. MiR-497-5p has been reported as tumor suppressor in many cancers, but the …