In combination, the breakaway of icebergs (calving) and submarine melting at marine-
terminating glaciers account for between one third and one half of the mass annually …

Abstract Purpose of Review This paper reviews sea level contributions from land ice across
the Arctic, including Greenland. We summarize ice loss measurement methods, ice loss …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) has increased over the last two decades in
response to changes in global climate, motivating the scientific community to question how …

Abstract Changes in ocean temperature and salinity are expected to be an important
determinant of the Greenland ice sheet's future sea level contribution. Yet, simulating the …

Submarine melting of Greenlandic tidewater glacier termini is proposed as a possible
mechanism driving their recent thinning and retreat. We use a general circulation model …

The effect of the North Atlantic Ocean on the Greenland Ice Sheet through submarine
melting of Greenland's tidewater glacier calving fronts is thought to be a key driver of …

Fjord dynamics influence oceanic heat flux to the Greenland ice sheet. Submarine iceberg
melting releases large volumes of freshwater within Greenland's fjords, yet its impact on fjord …

The classic model of fjord renewal is complicated by tidewater glacier fjords, where
submarine melt and subglacial discharge provide substantial buoyancy forcing at depth …

At tidewater glaciers, plume dynamics affect submarine melting, fjord circulation, and the
mixing of meltwater. Models often rely on buoyant plume theory to parameterize plumes and …