This article is a review of experiments comparing the effectiveness of human tutoring,
computer tutoring, and no tutoring.“No tutoring” refers to instruction that teaches the same …

Although scaffolding is an important and frequently studied concept, much discussion exists
with regard to its conceptualizations, appearances, and effectiveness. Departing from the …

This article describes the ICAP framework that defines cognitive engagement activities on
the basis of students' overt behaviors and proposes that engagement behaviors can be …

A variety of understandings of feedback exist in the literature, which can broadly be
categorised as cognitivist information transmission and socio-constructivist. Understanding …

Peer learning allows a positive use of differences between pupils, turning them into learning
opportunities. Yet education professionals often remain unfamiliar with the principles …

Medical Education 2011: 45: 792–806 Objectives In this review, we portray the process of
problem‐based learning (PBL) as a cognitive endeavour whereby the learner constructs …

Over the past century, educational psychologists and researchers have posited many
theories to explain how individuals learn, ie how they acquire, organize and deploy …

Active, constructive, and interactive are terms that are commonly used in the cognitive and
learning sciences. They describe activities that can be undertaken by learners. However, the …

Developments in forms of peer learning 1981–2006 are reviewed, focusing mainly on peer
tutoring, cooperative learning, and peer assessment. Types and definitions of peer learning …

Cover--Half-title--Title page--Copyright--Dedication--Table of contents--List of Tables and
Figures--Tables--Figures--Foreword--Preface--References--Acknowledgements--1 …