Under normal physiological conditions, leptin and the leptin receptor (ObR) regulate the
body weight by balancing food intake and energy expenditure. However, this adipocyte …

Stress refers to a dynamic process in which the homeostasis of an organism is challenged,
the outcome depending on the type, severity, and duration of stressors involved, the stress …

Background and aims Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are the major risk factor for
developing colitis associated cancer (CAC). Previously, we have reported that …

ABSTRACT The Cre/Lox system is a powerful tool in the biologist's toolbox, allowing loss‐of‐
function and gain‐of‐function studies, as well as lineage tracing, through gene …

Metabolic endotoxemia contributes to low-grade inflammation in obesity, which causes
insulin resistance due to the activation of intracellular proinflammatory pathways, such as …

In the large poultry industry, where farmed chickens are fed at high density, the prevalence
of pathogens and repeated vaccinations induce immune stress, which can significantly …

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the causative agent of avian colibacillosis.
Baicalin (BA) possesses multiple pharmacological effects, but the mechanism underlying its …

Abstract The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family includes eight distinct catalytic
subunits and seven regulatory subunits. Only two PI3Ks are directly regulated downstream …

Nutrition and growth are important signals for pubertal development, although how they are
perceived and integrated in brain circuits has not been well defined. Growth hormones and …

Obesity-associated low-grade inflammation favors weight gain, whereas systemic infection
frequently leads to anorexia. Thus, inflammatory signals can either induce positive or …