Decades of research has identified the brain areas that are involved in fear, fear extinction,
anxiety and related defensive behaviours. Newly developed genetic and viral tools …

This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Once acquired, a fearful memory can persist for a lifetime. Although learned fear can be
extinguished, extinction memories are fragile. The resilience of fear memories to extinction …

Emotion influences various cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The
amygdala is specialized for input and processing of emotion, while the hippocampus is …

We review recent work on the role of intrinsic amygdala networks in the regulation of
classically conditioned defensive behaviors, commonly known as conditioned fear. These …

Anxiety-related conditions are among the most difficult neuropsychiatric diseases to treat
pharmacologically, but respond to cognitive therapies. There has therefore been interest in …

How sensory information is transformed by learning into adaptive behaviors is a
fundamental question in neuroscience. Studies of auditory fear conditioning have revealed …

The valence of memories is malleable because of their intrinsic reconstructive property. This
property of memory has been used clinically to treat maladaptive behaviours. However, the …

Memories are acquired and encoded within large-scale neuronal networks spanning
different brain areas. The anatomical and functional specificity of such long-range …

Predator‐induced stress has been used to exemplify the concept of stress for close to a
century because almost everyone can imagine the terror of fleeing for one's life from a lion or …