Postmortem investigations have implicated astrocytes in many neurological and psychiatric
conditions. Multiple brain regions from individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) …

Adult neurogenesis has been convincingly demonstrated in two regions of the mammalian
brain: the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) in the hippocampus, and the …

Effective evaluation of costs and benefits is a core survival capacity that in humans is
considered as optimal," rational" decision-making. This capacity is vulnerable in …

Background Chronic restraint stress (CRS) is widely used to recapitulate depression
phenotypes in rodents but is frequently criticized for a perceived lack of efficacy. The aim of …

Leptin plays a key role in the pathogenesis of obesity and depression via the long form of
leptin receptor (LepRb). An animal model of comorbid obesity and depression induced by …

Background Sub-anesthetic ketamine has rapid-onset effects for the treatment of major
depressive disorder (MDD). However, the mechanism underlying ketamine's antidepressant …

Background Racemic ketamine consists of two enantiomers, namely (R)-ketamine and (S)-
ketamine, with distinguishable pharmacological properties. Both enantiomers have been …

In the last few decades, it has been established that astrocytes play key roles in the
regulation of neuronal morphology. However, the contribution of astrocyte-derived small …

Background Stress precipitates mood disorders, characterized by a range of symptoms
present in different combinations, suggesting the existence of disease subtypes. Using an …

Prior research suggests that the neurobiological underpinnings of depression include
aberrant brain functional connectivity, neurometabolite levels, and hippocampal volume …