Evolutionary change in animal morphology results from alteration of the functional
organization of the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that control development of the body …

Adaptive immunity is mediated through numerous genetic and cellular processes that
generate favourable somatic variants of antigen-binding receptors under evolutionary …

Lampreys are representatives of an ancient vertebrate lineage that diverged from our own∼
500 million years ago. By virtue of this deeply shared ancestry, the sea lamprey (P. marinus) …

Biomphalaria snails are instrumental in transmission of the human blood fluke Schistosoma
mansoni. With the World Health Organization's goal to eliminate schistosomiasis as a global …

The molecules that mediate innate immunity are encoded by relatively few genes and
exhibit broad specificity. Detailed annotation of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) …

The sponge-associated microbial community contributes to the overall health and adaptive
capacity of the sponge holobiont. This community is regulated by the environment and the …

NOD1 {nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1; NLRC [NOD-LRR (leucine-rich repeat)
family with CARD (caspase recruitment domain) 1]} and NOD2 (NLRC2) are among the …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most widespread class of membrane-bound innate
immune receptors, responsible of specific pathogen recognition and production of immune …

A key facet of the innate immune response lays in its ability to recognize and respond to
invading microorganisms and cellular disturbances. Through the use of germ-line encoded …

A survey for immune genes in the genome for the purple sea urchin has shown that the
immune system is complex and sophisticated. By inference, immune responses of all …