Interoception refers to the representation of the internal states of an organism, and includes
the processes by which it senses, interprets, integrates, and regulates signals from within …

The present paper considers recent progress in our understanding of the afferent/ascending
neural pathways and neural circuits of interoception. Of particular note is the extensive role …

Emotional states influence bodily physiology, as exemplified in the top-down process by
which anxiety causes faster beating of the heart,–. However, whether an increased heart …

The transition from normal to chronic pain is believed to involve alterations in several brain
areas that participate in the perception of pain. These plastic changes are then responsible …

In nature, animals display defensive behaviors that reflect the spatiotemporal distance of
threats. Laboratory-based paradigms that elicit specific defensive responses in rodents have …

It is becoming clearer how neurobiological mechanisms generate 'liking'and
'wanting'components of food reward. Mesocorticolimbic mechanisms that enhance …

How does the brain maintain fear within an adaptive range? We found that the insular cortex
acts as a state-dependent regulator of fear that is necessary to establish an equilibrium …

Anxiety disorders are complex diseases, and often co-occur with depression. It is as yet
unclear if a common neural circuit controls anxiety-related behaviors in both anxiety-alone …

Emotions are fundamental to our experience and behavior, affecting and motivating all
aspects of our lives. Scientists of various disciplines have been fascinated by emotions for …

The brain contains both generalized and stimulus-type-specific representations of aversive
events, but models of how these are integrated and related to subjective experience are …