Architectural lighting has potent biological effects but applied lighting practices that
capitalize on this potential have been limited. In this review, we endeavor to consolidate and …

Light is a potent stimulus for regulating circadian, hormonal, and behavioral systems. In
addition, light therapy is effective for certain affective disorders, sleep problems, and …

The melanopsin-expressing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are
a relatively recently discovered class of atypical ganglion cell photoreceptor. These ipRGCs …

The mammalian visual system encodes information over a remarkable breadth of
spatiotemporal scales and light intensities. This performance originates with its complement …

Mammalian circadian rhythms are controlled by endogenous biological oscillators, including
a master clock located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Since the period …

Light pollution is one of the most rapidly increasing types of environmental degradation. Its
levels have been growing exponentially over the natural nocturnal lighting levels provided …

Light around twilight provides the primary entrainment signal for circadian rhythms. Here we
review the mechanisms and responses of the mouse and human circadian systems to light …

Background Light exposure can cascade numerous effects on the human circadian process
via the non-imaging forming system, whose spectral relevance is highest in the short …

Human vision starts with the activation of rod photoreceptors in dim light and short (S)-,
medium (M)-, and long (L)-wavelength-sensitive cone photoreceptors in daylight. Recently a …

Abstract Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) has revealed itself as an ubiquitously
distributed and functionally diverse molecule. The mechanisms that control its synthesis …