The need to identify effective therapies for the treatment of psychiatric disorders is a
particularly important issue in modern societies. In addition, difficulties in finding new drugs …

Cytisine, a natural bioactive compound that is mainly isolated from plants of the
Leguminosae family (especially the seeds of Laburnum anagyroides), has been marketed in …

Rationale Emerging evidence suggests that the α4β2 form of the nicotinic acetylcholine
receptor (nAChR) modulates the rewarding effects of alcohol. The nAChR α4β2 subunit …

Neonicotinoid pesticides, originally developed to target the insect nervous system, have
been reported to interact with human receptors and to activate rodent neurons. Therefore …

Currently, 8.5% of the US population meets criteria for alcohol use disorders, with a total cost
to the US economy estimated at $234 billion per year. Alcohol and tobacco use share a high …

Interest in the habenula has greatly increased in recent years. The habenula is a small brain
structure located posterior to the thalamus and adjacent to the third ventricle. Despite its …

Alcohol and nicotine are often co-abused. As many as 80–95% of alcoholics are also
smokers, suggesting that ethanol and nicotine, the primary addictive component of tobacco …

Concurrent use of tobacco and alcohol or psychostimulants represents a major public health
concern, with use of one substance influencing consumption of the other. Co-abuse of these …

Tobacco smoking is one of the leading causes of disease and premature death in the United
States. Nicotine is considered the major reinforcing component in tobacco smoke …

Alcohol and nicotine use disorders are often treated as separate diseases, despite evidence
that approximately 80–90% of alcohol dependent individuals are also heavy smokers. Both …