Green water—terrestrial precipitation, evaporation and soil moisture—is fundamental to
Earth system dynamics and is now extensively perturbed by human pressures at continental …

Drought-associated woody-plant mortality has been increasing in most regions with multi-
decadal records and is projected to increase in the future, impacting terrestrial climate …

Climate tipping points occur when change in a part of the climate system becomes self-
perpetuating beyond a warming threshold, leading to substantial Earth system impacts …

Prudent risk management requires consideration of bad-to-worst-case scenarios. Yet, for
climate change, such potential futures are poorly understood. Could anthropogenic climate …

The concept of net-zero carbon emissions has emerged from physical climate science.
However, it is operationalized through social, political and economic systems. We identify …

Forest ecosystems depend on their capacity to withstand and recover from natural and
anthropogenic perturbations (that is, their resilience) 1. Experimental evidence of sudden …

Enhancing the terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink (referred to as terrestrial C sink) is an
important way to slow down the continuous increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) …

Amazonia hosts the Earth's largest tropical forests and has been shown to be an important
carbon sink over recent decades 1, 2, 3. This carbon sink seems to be in decline, however …

Forests influence climate and mitigate global change through the storage of carbon in soils.
In turn, these complex ecosystems face important challenges, including increases in carbon …

This review explains the science behind the drive for global net zero emissions and why this
is needed to halt the ongoing rise in global temperatures. We document how the concept of …