Anxiety is the most common mental health problem worldwide. Epidemiological studies
show that sleep disturbances, particularly insomnia, affect∼ 50% of individuals with anxiety …

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a critical role both peripherally and centrally in
vital functions such as cognition, reward, satiety, voluntary motor movements, pleasure, and …

Dysfunction of the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic reward system is a core feature of
schizophrenia (SZ), yet its precise contributions to different stages of reward processing and …

Significant improvements in cognitive control occur from childhood through adolescence,
supported by the maturation of prefrontal systems. However, less is known about the neural …

The comorbidity of depression and addiction has become a serious public health issue, and
the relationship between these two disorders and their potential mechanisms has attracted …

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are debilitating and chronic in nature, are difficult to
treat, and contribute to poor functional outcomes. Motivational deficits are a core negative …

Converging evidence from both human neuroimaging and animal studies has supported a
model of mesolimbic processing underlying reward learning behaviors, based on the …

Chronic pain (pain lasting for> 3 months) decreases patient quality of life and even
occupational abilities. It can be controlled by treatment, but often persists even after …

Opioid use in the United States has steadily risen since the 1990s, along with staggering
increases in addiction and overdose fatalities. With this surge in prescription and illicit opioid …

Emerging evidence suggests that the mesolimbic dopaminergic network plays a role in the
modulation of pain. As chronic pain conditions are associated with hypodopaminergic tone …