Although both men and women become addicted to drugs of abuse, women transition to
addiction faster, experience greater difficulties remaining abstinent, and relapse more often …

The striatal brain regions encompassing the nucleus accumbens core (NAcc), shell (NAcs)
and caudate-putamen (CPu) regulate cognitive functions including motivated behaviors …

Background Dysregulation in the prefrontal cortex underlies a variety of psychiatric illnesses,
including substance use disorder, depression, and anxiety. Despite the established sex …

Biomedical and clinical sciences are experiencing a renewed interest in the fact that males
and females differ in many anatomic, physiological, and behavioural traits. Sex differences …

Naturally occurring hormone cycles in adult female humans and rodents create a dynamic
neuroendocrine environment. These cycles include the menstrual cycle in humans and its …

Highlights•Striatal-mediated behaviors are sensitive to estrogen and vary by sex.•Sex and
estrogen modulate striatal medium spiny neuron dendritic spine density.•Sex and estrogen …

Steroid sex hormones and biological sex influence how the brain regulates motivated
behavior, reward, and sensorimotor function in both normal and pathological contexts …

Sex steroid hormones such as 17β‐estradiol (estradiol) regulate neuronal function by
binding to estrogen receptors (ERs), including ERα and GPER1, and through differential …

Estradiol acutely facilitates sex differences in striatum-dependent behaviors. However, little
is understood regarding the underlying mechanism. In striatal regions in adult rodents …

Motivated by an imaging study, the paper develops a non-parametric testing procedure for
testing the null hypothesis that two samples of curves observed at discrete grids and with …