Tropospheric anthropogenic aerosols contribute the second-largest forcing to climate
change, but with high uncertainty owing to their spatio-temporal variability and complicated …

Abstract The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a key component of the
climate through its transport of heat in the North Atlantic Ocean. Decadal changes in the …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Global ocean physical and chemical trends are reviewed and updated using seven key
ocean climate change indicators:(i) Sea Surface Temperature,(ii) Ocean Heat Content,(iii) …

Abstract Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth
System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge of the effects of …

There is debate about slowing of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), a
key component of the global climate system. Some focus is on the sea surface temperature …

Tipping elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

Deep and bottom water formation are crucial components of the global ocean circulation, yet
they were poorly represented in the previous generation of climate models. We here quantify …

The discrepancy between the observed lack of surface warming in the eastern equatorial
Pacific and climate model projections of an El Niño-like warming pattern confronts the …