The differences in cognitive processes driven by biological sex are the issues that have
gotten growing attention recently. Considering the increasing population suffering from …

Males and females can respond differentially to the same environmental stimuli and
experimental conditions. Chronic sleep loss is a frequent and growing problem in many …

Psychiatric diseases characterized by dysregulated risky decision making are differentially
represented in males and females. The factors that govern such sex differences, however …

It is now well established that neurogenesis occurs throughout adulthood in select brain
regions, but the functional significance of adult neurogenesis remains unclear. There is …

Abstract Although 17β-estradiol (E 2) is known to regulate hippocampal function, the specific
contributions of hippocampally-synthesized E 2 remain unclear. Infusion of the aromatase …

Impairments in choosing optimally between immediate and delayed rewards are associated
with numerous psychiatric disorders. Such 'intertemporal'choice is influenced by genetic and …

Over the last decade, a considerable amount of new data have revealed the beneficial
effects of exercise on hippocampal neurogenesis and the maintenance or improvement of …

Neutering or spaying is a commonly recommended veterinary procedure. However,
veterinarians are often confronted with conflicting findings and differences in concepts …

Decision-making is a complex process essential to daily adaptation in many species. Risk is
an inherent aspect of decision-making and it is influenced by gonadal hormones …

Our review focuses on findings from mammals as part of a Special Issue “30th Anniversary
of the Challenge Hypothesis”. Here we put forth an integration of the mechanisms through …