Coronal holes are the darkest and least active regions of the Sun, as observed both on the
solar disk and above the solar limb. Coronal holes are associated with rapidly expanding …

Abstract Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (ICMEs), their possible shocks and sheaths,
and co-rotating interaction regions (CIRs) are the primary large-scale heliospheric structures …

The annual and yearly variation of the substorm activity during a complete solar cycle, from
year 1993 to year 2003, has been examined. Almost 6000 substorms were identified by an …

Superposed epoch analyses of ring current (RC) ions and radiation belt (RB) electrons are
conducted for geomagnetic storms with Dst<− 100 nT during solar cycle 23. As a new …

This unique, authoritative book introduces and accurately depicts the current state-of-the art
in the field of space storms. Professor Koskinen, renowned expert in the field, takes the basic …

Two collections of substorms are created: 28,464 substorms identified with jumps in the
SuperMAG AL index in the years 1979–2015 and 16,025 substorms identified with electron …

In the last few decades, solar activity has been diminishing, and so space weather studies
need to be revisited with more attention. The physical processes involved in dealing with …

The auroral breakup and expansion are essential features of a magnetospheric substorm.
Negative bays beneath the aurora and positive bays at midlatitudes accompany the …

Auroral substorms are one of the major causes of large geomagnetically induced currents
(GIC) in technological systems. This study deals with different phases of the auroral …

During extreme space weather events the fluctuating geomagnetic field induces an electric
field in the conducting Earth. This geoelectric field in turn generates currents in ground …