Introduction: Small open reading frames (sORFs) with potential protein-coding capacity have
been disclosed in various transcripts, including long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs), mRNAs …

The rational design of theoretical minimal RNA rings predetermines AUG as the universal
start codon. This design maximizes coded amino acid diversity over minimal sequence …

Small circular RNAs occur in many cells. Theoretical considerations designed to mimick
primordial RNAs designed 25 theoretical, minimal 22-nucleotide long circular RNAs (RNA …

A new codon property, codon directional asymmetry in nucleotide content (CDA), reveals a
biologically meaningful genetic code dimension: palindromic codons (first and last …

Theoretical minimal RNA rings attempt to mimick life's primitive RNAs. At most 25 22-
nucleotide-long RNA rings code once for each biotic amino acid, a start and a stop codon …

The C 3 self-complementary circular code X identified in genes of prokaryotes and
eukaryotes is a set of 20 trinucleotides enabling reading frame retrieval and maintenance, ie …

We examine the hypothesis that de novo template-free RNAs still form spontaneously, as
they did at the origins of life, invade modern genomes, contribute new genetic material …

Theoretical minimal RNA ring design ensures coding over the shortest length once for each
coding signal (start and stop codons, and each amino acid) and their hairpin configuration …

Several hypotheses predict ranks of amino acid assignments to genetic code's codons.
Analyses here show that average positions of amino acid species in proteins correspond to …

Mitochondrial genes code for additional proteins after+ 2 frameshifts by reassigning stops to
code for amino acids, which defines overlapping genetic codes for overlapping genes …