Apathy and anhedonia are common syndromes of motivation that are associated with a wide
range of brain disorders and have no established therapies. Research using animal models …

Midbrain dopamine signals are widely thought to report reward prediction errors that drive
learning in the basal ganglia. However, dopamine has also been implicated in various …

Parkinson's disease causes a characteristic combination of motor symptoms due to
progressive neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars …

Motivation deficits, such as apathy, are pervasive in both neurological and psychiatric
diseases. Even when they are not the core symptom, they reduce quality of life, compromise …

The past few decades have seen growing interest in the neuropsychiatric syndrome of
apathy, conceptualised as a loss of motivation manifesting as a reduction of goal-directed …

Dopamine contributes to cognitive control through well-established effects in both the
striatum and cortex. Although earlier work suggests that dopamine affects cognitive control …

The trade-off between reward and effort is at the heart of most behavioral theories, from
ecology to economics. Compared to reward, however, effort remains poorly understood …

Effort-based decision-making is a cognitive process crucial to normal motivated behaviour.
Apathy is a common and disabling complication of Parkinson's disease, but its aetiology …

The limbic system describes a complex of brain structures central for memory, learning, as
well as goal directed and emotional behavior. In addition to pathological studies, recent …

Apathy and impulsivity are common and disabling consequences of frontotemporal lobar
degeneration. They cause substantial carer distress, but their aetiology remains elusive …